The number of cycles was 35. The changes in gene expression (n-fold) selleck chemical calculated from the qRT-PCR data. Analysis of relative gene expression data was done using the 2-2∆∆CT method
as described previously [41]. The 16S rRNA was used as the internal controls. Statistical analysis All experiments were repeated a minimum of three times, and data are expressed as mean ± SD. Differences were considered significant for P < 0.05 (*, P value 0.05-0.01; **, P value <0.01). Comparison of two groups was made with an unpaired, two-tailed student’s t-test. Comparison of multiple groups was made with ANOVA. Acknowledgements The study was not supported by any external funding. References 1. Silva J, Leite D, Fernandes M, Mena C, Gibbs PA, Teixeira P: Campylobacter spp. as a Foodborne Pathogen: a review. Front Microbiol 2011, 2:1–12. article number 200 2. Olson CK, Ethelberg S, van Pelt W, Tauxe RV: Epidemiology of Campylobacter jejuni infections in industrialized nations. In Campylobacter. Edited by: Nachamkin I, Szymanski C, Blaser MJ. Washigton,
DC, USA: ASM Press; 2008:163–189. 3. Jeon B, Muraoka WT, Zhang Q: Advances in Campylobacter biology and implications for biotechnological Selleckchem PRI-724 applications. Microb Biotechnol 2010,3(3):242–258.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 4. Nougayrede JP, Fernandes PJ, Donnenberg MS: Adhesion of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli to host cells. Cell Microbiol 2003,5(6):359–372.PubMedCrossRef 5. Rubinchik S, Karlyshev AV, Seddon A: Molecular mechanisms and biological role of Campylobacter jejuni attachment to host cells. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2012,2(1):32–40.CrossRef 6. Magalhaes A, Reis CA: Helicobacter pylori adhesion to gastric epithelial cells is mediated by glycan receptors. Braz J Med Biol Res 2010,43(7):611–618.PubMedCrossRef 7. Aspholm M, Olfat FO, Norden J, Sonden B, Lundberg C, Sjostrom
R, Altraja S, Odenbreit S, Haas R, Wadstrom T, Engstrand L, Semino-Mora C, Liu H, Dubois A, Teneberg S, Arnqvist A, Boren T: SabA is the H. pylori hemagglutinin and is polymorphic PtdIns(3,4)P2 in binding to sialylated glycans. PLoS Pathog 2006,2(10):e110.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 8. Tsuji S, Uehori J, Matsumoto M, Suzuki Y, Matsuhisa A, Toyoshima K, Seya T: Human intelectin is a novel soluble lectin that recognizes galactofuranose in carbohydrate chains of bacterial cell wall. J Biol Chem 2001,276(26):23456–23463.PubMedCrossRef 9. Day CJ, Tiralongo J, Hartnell RD, Logue CA, Wilson JC, von Itzstein M, Korolik V: Differential carbohydrate recognition by Campylobacter jejuni strain 11168: influences of SRT1720 purchase temperature and growth conditions. PLoS One 2009,4(3):e4927.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 10. Guerry P, Szymanski CM: Campylobacter sugars sticking out.
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