To assess the effects of expectancies, participants randomized to the “”blind”" condition were given no information about the odors they would smell; “”primed”" individuals were told what odors they would smell during the session, and what changes to expect. Experimenters were blind.
Self-report and unobtrusive mood measures provided robust evidence that lemon oil selleck chemicals llc reliably enhances
positive mood compared to water and lavender regardless of expectancies or previous use of aromatherapy. Moreover, norepinephrine levels following the cold pressor remained elevated when subjects smelled lemon, compared to water or lavender. DTH responses to Candida were larger following inhalation of water than lemon lavender. Odors did not reliably alter IL-6 and IL-10 production, salivary cortisol, heart rate or blood pressure, skin barrier repair following tape stripping, or pain ratings following the cold pressor. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“BACKGROUND: The presence of osmotic gradients in the development of cerebral edema and the effectiveness of osmotherapy are well recognized. A modification of ventriculostomy catheters described in this article provides a method of osmotherapy that is not currently available. The reductive ventricular osmotherapy (RVOT) catheter removes free water from ventricular cerebrospinal
fluid (CSF) by incorporating hollow fibers that remove water vapor, thereby providing osmotherapy without increasing osmotic load. selleck inhibitor OBJECTIVE: To increase osmolarity in the ventricular CSF through use of RVOT in vivo.
METHODS: Twelve Yorkshire swine with contusional injury were randomized to external ventricular drainage (EVD) or RVOT for 12 hours. MR imaging was obtained. Serum, CSF, and brain ultrafiltrate
were analyzed. Histology was compared using Fluor-Jade B and hematoxylin and Quizartinib ic50 eosin (H & E) stains.
RESULTS: With RVOT, CSF osmolality increased from 292 +/- 2.7 to 345 +/- 8.0 mOsmol/kg (mean +/- SE, P = 0.0006), and the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) in the injury region increased from 0.735 +/- 0.047 to 1.135 +/-.063 (P = 0.004) over 24 hours. With EVD controls, CSF osmolarity and ADC were not significantly changed. Histologically, all RVOT pigs showed no evidence of neuronal degeneration (Grade 1/4) compared to moderate degeneration (Grade 2.6 +/- .4/4) seen in EVD treated animals (P = 0.02). The difference in intracranial pressure (ICP) by area under the curve approached significance at P = .065 by Mann Whitney test.
CONCLUSION: RVOT can increase CSF osmolarity in vivo after experimental traumatic brain injury (TBI). In anticipated clinical use, only a slight increase in CSF osmolarity may be required to reduce cerebral edema.”
“Some epithelia contain cells with multiple motile cilia that beat in a concerted manner. New tools and experimental systems have facilitated molecular studies of cilium biogenesis and the coordinated planar polarization of cilia that leads to their concerted motility.
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