All observed features in all wave gauges are consistent with the behaviour seen in the above experiments. The basin-scale free-surface variations are indistinguishable from the 6.25 km resolution simulation (Fig. 8). Observational run-up
height estimates of the incident wave of ancient tsunamis are inferred from the location of high-energy sedimentary deposits that can be traced inland or between raised lakes (e.g. this website Bondevik et al., 2005). Such estimates are generally underestimated as this is the minimum run-up height required to explain the deposits. For the Storegga slide there are a number of observations in northern Scotland and along the Norwegian coast, as well as one mapped deposit on the Faroe Islands. The maximum simulated wave height can be compared to inferred wave heights at these locations. Fig. 9 shows the free-surface heights at key locations where tsunami deposits have been found, with estimates of the run up heights included following Bondevik et al. (2005). Note that the fixed horizontal resolution of 6.25 km does not always match the multiscale resolution results, e.g. gauges
24 and 12 (Fig. 9), highlighting the need for high resolution in coastal regions (Grilli et al., 2007). For the multiscale simulation there is good agreement at all stations, with exception of those around the Faroe Islands (32) where our models (and those of Bondevik et al., 2005) underestimate the wave height. A good agreement with estimated wave heights is found at Sula, Norway (15), where Bondevik et al. (2005) simulated a 20 m wave, but estimated a 10–12 m from sediment deposits. Our models predict a Bortezomib order wave height of 14.5 m, which is a better agreement. Similarly, Brønnøysund and Hommelstø in northern Norway (wave gauges 9–11) have an estimated run-up height of >3 m (Bondevik et al., 2005), but previous simulations predict a 17.9 m wave, Acesulfame Potassium which is probably a large overestimation (Bondevik et al., 2005). Here, we record a maximum wave height of 5.8 m, which is a more reasonable result. Around the Shetlands we predict a wave height of around 8 m, lower than that estimated from deposits, but an improvement on previous modelling
efforts (Bondevik et al., 2005). The results using palaeobathymetry show little difference to those using modern bathymetry except at a few key locations. The large-scale features north of 52°N show very little difference (Fig. 8). The maximum wave height in the domain is largely unaffected by the inclusion of palaeobathymetry (Fig. 10), with most of the study area experiencing a difference in wave heights of only a few metres. However, smaller regions show a substantial increase in maximum wave heights, in particular the Shetland Islands, where maximum wave height increases by nearly 5 m when using palaeobathymetry (Fig. 10g). This gives an improved match to estimated run-up heights, which were several metres too low in previous studies (Bondevik et al., 2005).
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