Bifidobacteria are a regular component of human and animal gut microbiota [7–9]. They belong to the first
settlers in the neonatal intestine and reach up to 90% of the microbiota in suckling infants [10]. Newborns delivered by Caesarian section and fed milk replacers have a different composition of gut microbiota characterized by lower numbers of bifidobacteria [6]. Bifidobacteria are present in 10–100-fold lower concentrations in the pig intestine than in humans [7,11–13]. Their number increased after feeding pigs with diet supplement containing prebiotics [14]. Bifidobacterium choerinum is an autochthonous bifidobacterium species of the pig that is well adapted to the gut of pre-weaned piglets and shows potential probiotic properties [15]. Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) is a probiotic RAD001 molecular weight strain of E. coli[16] isolated originally from stool of a human resistant to infection with Shigella[17]. It is efficient in https://www.selleckchem.com/products/carfilzomib-pr-171.html prevention and cure of dysmicrobia and infant diarrhoea [18] and neonatal calf diarrhoea [19]. It has also been shown that this strain protects pigs against infection
with enteropathogenic bacteria [20,21]. EcN produces two microcins which are effective against enterobacteria [22], and reduces invasion of Salmonella into enterocytes [23]. With their simplified, controlled and defined microbiota, gnotobiotic animals are suitable biological models for the study of bacteria–host interactions [24]. These properties have been
exploited in studies of Salmonella infection [25,26]. In this work, a possible probiotic effect of autochthonous B. choerinum Protein tyrosine phosphatase was compared with that of probiotic E. coli Nissle 1917. Gnotobiotic pigs were used to avoid any effect of interindividual variation in intestinal microflora and rearing environment [27]. The distribution of bacteria, their translocation, the protective effect against subsequent infection with virulent Salmonella Typhimurium, the clinical state of experimental piglets and systemic and local production of two inflammatory cytokines – a chemokine, interleukin (IL)-8, a proinflammatory cytokine, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and an anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10, were assessed. Miniature Minnesota-derived sows were treated intramuscularly (i.m.) with 50 mg of medroxyprogesterone acetate (Depo-Promone; Pfizer Manufacturing Belgium, Puurs, Belgium) on the 105th day of gestation. Colostrum-deprived germ-free piglets were obtained by hysterectomy under halothane anaesthesia on the 112th day of gestation. Piglets were reared in positive-pressure microbiologically controlled fibreglass isolators and fed to satiety with autoclave-sterilized milk diet supplemented with minerals and vitamins [28].
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and many component - (Hepatology 2014;58:328–339) The gut microbiota is the collective