Free Radic Biol Med 2006, 40:837–849.CrossRefPubMed 39. Sestili P, Barbieri E, Martinelli C, Battistelli M, Guescini M, Vallorani L, Casadei L, D’Emilio A, Falcieri E, Piccoli G, Agostini D, Annibalini G, Paolillo M, Gioacchini AM, Stocchi V: Creatine supplementation prevents the inhibition of myogenic differentiation in oxidatively injured C2C12 murine myoblasts. Mol Nutr Food Res 2009, 53:1187–1204.CrossRefPubMed 40. Kang HJ, Hong SM, Kim BC, Park EH, Ahn K, Lim CJ: Effects
of heterologous expression of thioredoxin reductase on the level of reactive oxygen species in COS-7 cells. Mol Cells 2006, BIBF 1120 ic50 22:113–118.PubMed 41. de Souza TP, Pereira B: Creatine: ergogenic aid with antioxidant potential? Revista de Nutricao-Brazilian Journal of Nutrition 2008, 21:349–353. Declaration of competing interests The authors declare that they
have no competing interests. Authors’ contributions JFY and NO participated in the design of the cellular studies and JFY drafted the manuscript. IKS carried AZD8186 molecular weight out the cellular MLN8237 in vivo experiments for proteomics and metabonomics studies. LBL designed the proteomics analysis and HCB, AM and NCN designed and carried out the metabonomics experiments. LBL, HCB and JFY carried out data and statistical analysis on proteomics, metabonomics and DCFH2 oxidation analysis, respectively. All authors contributed in the drafting of the manuscript and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background During dehydration fluid moves from the plasma to both intracellular and extracellular spaces and then eventually back to the circulation [1, 2]. Pressure changes involving hydrostatic, oncotic and osmotic forces control the dynamics of fluid movement [1]. This has important implications for thermoregulation
and athletic performance. Significant performance decrements have been shown with hypohydration levels of only 2% [3]. Considering that a thirst sensation may not develop until this level of hypohydration has already been reached, it becomes critical for athletes to rehydrate before they feel the need to drink. Several sport drinks are marketed to be a more effective Orotic acid means of promoting rehydration and maintaining exercise performance than water alone. However, little research is available to support the efficacy of these drinks during relatively short duration endurance exercise (≤ 2 hr). Water appears as effective as any sports drink during exercise in maintaining performance and thermoregulation [4]. Interestingly, recent advances in sport supplements suggest the use of certain organic osmolytes such as glycine betaine may provide some protection of intracellular fluid volume [5]; however, its ability to affect performance is not clear.
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