I declare that there is no conflict of interest related to this publication. We thank the following: Taís Machado, José S.L. Patané, and Hebert Ferrarezzi of the Ecology and Evolution Laboratory (Butantan Institute) for their assistance and support with the phylogenetic analysis; Valdir J. Germano, Daniela P.T. Gennari, and Kathleen F. Grego of the Herpetology Laboratory (Butantan Institute); Taís Machado and Rogério L. Zacariotti of the Ecology and Evolution Laboratory (Butantan Institute) for their assistance in obtaining the snake tissues or blood; and also Paulo L.
Ho and Leonardo S. Kobashi of the Biotechnology Laboratory (Butantan Institute) for sequencing of the DNA samples. This work was supported by FAPESP 2010/08580-8 and INCTTOX. “
“Among the five subspecies of Crotalus durissus found in Brazil, Crotalus durissus terrificus (Cdt) is the most abundant VE821 ( McDowell, 1987). The fractionation of its venom by molecular exclusion chromatography evidences four main enzymatic toxins, namely: convulxin ( Prado-Franceschi and Vital-Brazil, 1981), gyroxin ( Barrabin et al., 1978), crotoxin ( Slotta and Fraenkel-Conrat, 1938) and crotamine ( Gonçalves and Vieira, 1950). Nevertheless, the Cdt venom, possesses highly variable composition, in which crotamine can be present (positive) or absent (negative) ( Cilengitide Barrio and
Brazil, 1951). In addition to crotamine variation, the Cdt venom may also present a color difference, which can be yellow or white ( Schenberg, 1959b; Takatsuka et al., 2001; Toyama et al., 2006). The biochemical composition of pooled and individual venoms has been studied regarding sex, age, and captivity and even in terms individual (contra lateral) glands (Furtado et al., 1991; Francischetti et al., 2000; Aguilar et al., 2007). The ontogenic and seasonal variations, as described in the majority of these studies, seem to be a necessary condition leading to the molecular diversity and complexity of the venoms Pyruvate dehydrogenase lipoamide kinase isozyme 1 (Furtado et al., 2003; Ferreira et al., 2010b). Rael et al. (1993) demonstrated the geographic variability in venom from specimens of Crotalus
scutulatus scutulatus, by grouping venoms into three “types”: venom “A”, characterized by the presence of Mojave toxin (neurotoxic phospholipase A2) devoid of hemorrhagic activity; venom “B”, characterized by the absence of Mojave toxin, but with hemorrhagic activity and venom “A + B”, which possesses both Mojave toxin (neurotoxic) and hemorrhagic activity. These characteristics are important for toxinological studies, since depending on the origin of the venom there can be significant differences in the biological and pharmacological activities (Dos Santos et al., 1993; Dos Santos et al., 2005). Furthermore, the symptomatology of the snakebite patient may present distortions that could mislead the diagnosis.
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