Micropaper was also prepared from as-bleached cellulose microfibe

Micropaper was also prepared from as-bleached cellulose microfibers

of canola straw, used as a control sample to evaluate the effect of grinding on the properties Selleck JNJ-64619178 of cellulose nanofibers and nanopaper. The average diameters for the microfiber. GC and BC were 26 mu m, 32 nm and 45 nm, respectively. Micropaper had crystallinity and crystallite size of 69% and 5.5 nm, respectively. As the result of grinding, the crystallinity and crystallite size of GC nanopaper dropped to 62% and 5.1 nm, respectively. BC nanopaper showed the highest values, with 80% and 6.2 nm, respectively. GC nanopaper had a lower onset temperature (270 degrees C) and thermal stability than that of both micropaper (275 degrees C) and BC nanopaper (320 degrees C). Micropaper was permeable to air while GC and BC nanopapers AZD1480 nmr showed very high barrier property. Grinding had a drastic positive effect on mechanical properties: the

tensile strength and Young’s modulus of GC nanopaper increased 11 times on average over those of micropaper, reaching 114 MPa and 13.6 GPa. respectively. BC nanopaper had the highest tensile strength and Young’s modulus, with 185 MPa and 17.3 GPa, respectively. GC and BC nanopapers are regarded as highly tough, fully bio-based, fully biodegradable and multi-performance materials. (c) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“The objective of the study is to perform a systematic review to compare the clinical outcomes and complications of anterior surgery with posterior surgery for multilevel cervical myelopathy (MCM). MEDLINE, EMBASE databases and other databases were searched for all the relevant original articles published from January 1991 to November 2009 comparing anterior with posterior surgery for MCM. Subgroup analysis was performed according to the follow-up years. The following end points were mainly evaluated: final follow-up JOA (Japanese Orthopaedic Association)

scale, recovery rate and complication outcomes. GSI-IX Ten articles fulfilled all inclusion criteria. For multilevel CSM patients, the final follow-up JOA score for the anterior group was significantly higher than the posterior group (p < 0.05, WMD 0.83 [0.24, 1.43]) in the ‘follow-up time a parts per thousand currency sign5 years’ subgroup, but had no significant differences in the ‘follow-up time > 5 years’ subgroup (p > 0.05). The recovery rate for the anterior group was significantly higher than the posterior group (p < 0.05, WMD 10.08 [1.39, 18.78]) in the ‘follow-up time a parts per thousand currency sign5 years’ subgroup. No study reported the recovery rate for the follow-up time > 5 years. For multilevel OPLL patients, the final follow-up JOA score and recovery rate for the anterior group were both significantly higher than the posterior group in the ‘follow-up time a parts per thousand currency sign5 years’ subgroup (p < 0.05, WMD 2.50 [0.16, 4.85]; p < 0.05, WMD 29.48 [29.09, 29.87], respectively).

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